Guided Reading Activity 2 3 the Egyptian Empire

Period in aboriginal Egyptian history (c. 1550 BCE–1077 BCE)

The New Kingdom, also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in aboriginal Egyptian history between the sixteenth century BC and the eleventh century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasties of Egypt. Radiocarbon dating places the exact get-go of the New Kingdom between 1570 BC and 1544 BC.^[3] The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period. It was Egypt's most prosperous time and marked the acme of its power.^[4]

The concept of a "New Kingdom" as one of three "gilt ages" was coined in 1845 by German Egyptologist Baron von Bunsen, and its definition would evolve significantly throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.^[v] The afterwards function of this period, nether the Nineteenth and Twentieth dynasties (1292–1069 BC), is also known as the Ramesside flow. Information technology is named later the eleven pharaohs who took the proper name Ramesses, afterward Ramesses I, the founder of the Nineteenth Dynasty.^[4]

Perchance as a result of the foreign rule of the Hyksos during the Second Intermediate Period, the New Kingdom saw Arab republic of egypt attempt to create a buffer between the Levant and Arab republic of egypt proper, and during this time Egypt attained its greatest territorial extent. Similarly, in response to very successful seventeenth-century BC attacks during the Second Intermediate Period by the Kushites,^[6] the rulers of the New Kingdom felt compelled to expand far south into Nubia and to hold wide territories in the Near East. In the north, Egyptian armies fought Hittite armies for command of modern-24-hour interval Syria.

History

Rise of the New Kingdom

The Eighteenth Dynasty included some of Egypt's nearly famous kings, including Ahmose I, Hatshepsut, Thutmose Iii, Amenhotep III, Akhenaten, and Tutankhamun. Hatshepsut concentrated on expanding Egypt's external trade, including sending a commercial expedition to the land of Punt, and made the kingdom prosperous.

Ahmose I is viewed to be the founder of the eighteenth dynasty. He continued the campaigns of his father Seqenenre Tao and of Kamose confronting the Hyksos until he reunified the country once more than. Ahmose would then continue to campaign in the Levant, the abode of the Hyksos, to prevent any future invasions on Egypt.^[7]

Ahmose was followed by Amenhotep I, who campaigned in Nubia and was followed by Thutmose I. Thutmose I campaigned in the Levant and reached equally far as the Euphrates, thus condign the kickoff pharaoh to cross the river.^[viii] During this campaign, the Syrian princes declared allegiance to Thutmose. All the same, after he returned, they discontinued tribute and began fortifying confronting futurity incursions.^[9]

Hatshepsut was one of the well-nigh powerful pharaohs of this dynasty. She was the girl of Thutmose I and the regal wife of Thutmose 2. Upon the death of her husband, she ruled jointly with his son by a minor wife, Thutmose Iii, who had ascended to the throne as a child of about two years of age, but eventually she ruled in her own right as king. Hatshepsut congenital extensively in the Karnak temple in Luxor and throughout all of Egypt ^[x] and she re-established the trade networks that had been disrupted during the Hyksos occupation of Egypt during the 2d Intermediate Period, thereby building the wealth of the Eighteenth Dynasty. She oversaw the preparations and funding for a mission to the Land of Punt. After her death, having gained valuable experience heading up the military for Hatshepsut, Thutmose Three causeless rule.

Thutmose Three expanded Arab republic of egypt's regular army and wielded it with cracking success to consolidate the empire created by his predecessors. This resulted in a superlative in Egypt's power and wealth during the reign of Amenhotep III. The term pharaoh, originally the name of the king'southward palace, became a form of address for the person who was king during his reign (c. 1479–1425 BC).^[xi]

Widely considered a military genius by historians, Thutmose Iii conducted at least xvi campaigns in 20 years.^[12] He was an active expansionist ruler, sometimes called Egypt'due south greatest conqueror or "the Napoleon of Egypt".^[13] He is recorded to have captured 350 cities during his rule and conquered much of the Nigh East from the Euphrates to Nubia during seventeen known war machine campaigns. He was the first pharaoh after Thutmose I to cantankerous the Euphrates, doing so during his campaign against Mitanni. He connected north through the territory belonging to the still unconquered cities of Aleppo and Carchemish and apace crossed the Euphrates in his boats, taking the Mitannian king entirely by surprise.^[14]

The wealthiest of all the kings of this dynasty is Amenhotep Iii, who built the Luxor Temple, the Precinct of Monthu at Karnak and his massive Morturary Temple. Amenhotep Iii also built the Malkata palace, the largest built in Egypt.

One of the best-known eighteenth dynasty pharaohs is Amenhotep Iv, who changed his name to Akhenaten in honour of the Aten, a representation of the Egyptian god, Ra. His worship of the Aten every bit his personal deity is frequently interpreted equally history's get-go instance of monotheism. Akhenaten's wife, Nefertiti, contributed a great bargain to his new management in the Egyptian religion. Nefertiti was bold enough to perform rituals to Aten. Akhenaten'due south religious fervour is cited as the reason why he and his wife were subsequently written out of Egyptian history.^[15] Nether his reign, in the fourteenth century BC, Egyptian art flourished in a distinctive new fashion (see Amarna Period).

By the terminate of the Eighteenth Dynasty, Egypt's status had inverse radically. Aided past Akhenaten's apparent lack of interest in international diplomacy, the Hittites had gradually extended their influence into Phoenicia and Canaan to go a major ability in international politics—a power that both Seti I and his son Ramesses II would confront during the nineteenth Dynasty.

The last ii members of the Eighteenth Dynasty—Ay and Horemheb—became rulers from the ranks of officials in the royal courtroom, although Ay might also have been the maternal uncle of Akhenaten and a fellow descendant of Yuya and Tjuyu.

Ay may have married the widowed Great Imperial Wife and young half-sister of Tutankhamun, Ankhesenamun, in order to obtain ability; she did not alive long afterwards. Ay then married Tey, who originally, had been wet-nurse to Nefertiti.

Ay'southward reign was short. His successor was Horemheb, a general during the reign of Tutankhamun, whom the pharaoh may have intended as his successor in the event that he had no surviving children, which came to pass.^[16] Horemheb may have taken the throne abroad from Ay in a coup d'état. Although Ay'due south son or stepson Nakhtmin was named equally his father or stepfather'southward Crown Prince, Nakhtmin seems to accept died during the reign of Ay, leaving the opportunity for Horemheb to claim the throne next.

Horemheb also died without surviving children, having appointed his vizier, Pa-ra-mes-su, as his heir. This vizier ascended the throne in 1292 BC as Ramesses I, and was the first pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty.

Height of the New Kingdom

The Nineteenth Dynasty was founded by the Vizier Ramesses I, whom the last ruler of the eighteenth dynasty, Pharaoh Horemheb, had called equally his successor. His cursory reign marked a transition period between the reign of Horemheb and the powerful pharaohs of this dynasty, in detail, his son Seti I and grandson Ramesses Ii, who would bring Egypt to new heights of imperial ability.

Seti I fought a series of wars in western Asia, Great socialist people's libyan arab jamahiriya, and Nubia in the first decade of his reign. The main source for knowledge of Seti's military activities are his boxing scenes on the due north exterior wall of the Karnak Hypostyle Hall, along with several royal stelas with inscriptions mentioning battles in Canaan and Nubia. The greatest achievement of Seti I's foreign policy was the capture of the Syrian boondocks of Kadesh and neighboring territory of Amurru from the Hittite Empire. Arab republic of egypt had not held Kadesh since the fourth dimension of Akhenaten. Tutankhamun and Horemheb had failed to recapture the city from the Hittites. Seti I was successful in defeating a Hittite army that tried to defend the town. However, The Hittites managed to accept it once more after Seti'due south divergence.

Ramesses II ("the Great") sought to recover territories in the Levant that had been held by the 18th Dynasty. His campaigns of reconquest culminated in the Battle of Kadesh, where he led Egyptian armies confronting those of the Hittite king Muwatalli 2. Ramesses was caught in history'south first recorded military deadfall, although he was able to rally his troops and turn the tide of boxing against the Hittites thanks to the arrival of the Ne'arin (possibly mercenaries in the use of Arab republic of egypt). The outcome of the battle was undecided, with both sides claiming victory at their abode front, and ultimately resulting in a peace treaty betwixt the ii nations. Arab republic of egypt was able to obtain wealth and stability nether the rule of Ramesses, for more than half a century.^[17] His firsthand successors continued the military campaigns, although an increasingly troubled court—which at 1 signal put a usurper (Amenmesse) on the throne—made it increasingly difficult for a pharaoh to effectively retain control of the territories.

Ramesses Two congenital extensively throughout Egypt and Nubia, and his cartouches are prominently displayed, even in buildings that he did not construct.^[18] In that location are accounts of his award hewn on stone, statues, and the remains of palaces and temples—nearly notably the Ramesseum in western Thebes and the rock temples of Abu Simbel. He covered the land from the Delta to Nubia with buildings in a way no king before him had.^[19] He too founded a new capital city in the Delta during his reign, called Pi-Ramesses. Information technology previously had served as a summer palace during the reign of Seti I.^[20]

Ramesses Two constructed many big monuments, including the archaeological complex of Abu Simbel, and the Mortuary temple known every bit the Ramesseum. He built on a monumental scale to ensure that his legacy would survive the ravages of time. Ramesses used art as a means of propaganda for his victories over foreigners, which are depicted on numerous temple reliefs. Ramesses 2 erected more colossal statues of himself than any other pharaoh, and also usurped many existing statues by inscribing his own cartouche on them.

Ramesses Ii was also famed for the huge number of children he sired by his various wives and concubines; the tomb he built for his sons (many of whom he outlived) in the Valley of the Kings has proven to be the largest funerary complex in Egypt.

The immediate successors of Ramesses II continued the military campaigns although an increasingly troubled courtroom complicated matters. He was succeeded by his son Merneptah so by Merneptah'southward son Seti II. Seti Ii's right to the throne seems to have been disputed by his one-half-blood brother Amenmesse, who may have temporarily ruled from Thebes.

Upon his death, Seti II's son Siptah, who may accept been afflicted with poliomyelitis during his life, was appointed to the throne by Bay, a chancellor and a W Asian commoner who served as vizier backside the scenes. Siptah died early and throne was assumed by Twosret, who was the royal wife of his father and, possibly, his uncle Amenmesse'south sister.

A menstruation of chaos at the end of Twosret's brusk reign saw the enthronement of Setnakhte, establishing the Twentieth Dynasty.

Final years of power

The last "great" pharaoh from the New Kingdom is widely considered to be Ramesses Iii, a Twentieth Dynasty pharaoh who reigned several decades afterward Ramesses Ii.^[21]

In the eighth twelvemonth of his reign, the Sea Peoples invaded Arab republic of egypt by land and body of water. Ramesses III defeated them in two great land and sea battles (the Battle of Djahy and the Battle of the Delta). He incorporated them as subject peoples and is thought to have settled them in Southern Canaan, although at that place is bear witness that they forced their way into Canaan. Their presence in Canaan may take contributed to the germination of new states, such as Philistia, in this region after the collapse of the Egyptian Empire. He later was compelled to fight invading Libyan tribesmen in two major campaigns in Arab republic of egypt'southward Western Delta in his sixth twelvemonth and eleventh year respectively.^[22]

The heavy cost of this warfare slowly drained Arab republic of egypt's treasury and contributed to the gradual decline of the Egyptian Empire in Asia. The severity of the difficulties is indicated by the fact that the first known labour strike in recorded history occurred during the twenty-ninth year of Ramesses Iii'southward reign. At that fourth dimension, the food rations for Egypt's favoured and elite regal tomb-builders and artisans in the village of Deir el Medina could not be provisioned.^[23] Air pollution express the corporeality of sunlight penetrating the temper, affecting agronomical production and arresting global tree growth for almost two full decades, until 1140 BC.^[24] One proposed cause is the Hekla three eruption of the Hekla volcano in Iceland, merely the dating of this remains disputed.

Decline into the Tertiary Intermediate Period

Ramesses III's expiry was followed by years of bickering among his heirs. Three of his sons ascended the throne successively as Ramesses Iv, Rameses VI, and Rameses 8. Arab republic of egypt was increasingly aggress by droughts, below-normal flooding of the Nile, famine, ceremonious unrest, and corruption of officials. The power of the last pharaoh of the dynasty, Ramesses XI, grew so weak that in the due south the High Priests of Amun at Thebes became the de facto rulers of Upper Egypt, and Smendes controlled Lower Egypt in the north, fifty-fifty before Rameses XI'south death. Smendes eventually founded the twenty-start dynasty at Tanis.

Gallery

• 

  Hatshepsut equally a Sphinx - daughter of Thutmose I, co-regent for her 2-twelvemonth-sometime stepson Thutmose 3, she soon ruled as pharaoh; Arab republic of egypt prospered profoundly nether her dominion

• 

  Queen Hatshepsut's Temple at Deir el-Bahari, was called Djeser-Djeseru, meaning the Holy of Holies

• 

  Thutmosis III, a military machine human and fellow member of the Thutmosid royal line is normally called the Napoleon of Egypt because his conquests of the Levant brought Egypt's territories and influence to its greatest extent

• 

  Tiye, born a commoner, became queen through her marriage to Amenhotep Iii and during the New Kingdom, when women gained influence in court, Tiye soon helped run diplomacy of land for both her husband and son during their reigns

• 

  Akhenaten, born Amenhotep Iv, was the son of Queen Tiye and he turned abroad from the dominant cult of Amun, relocated the capitol, and promoted that of the Aten as a supreme deity

• 

  Nefertiti - the wife of Akhenaten, she held position as co-regent with Akhenaten and may take ruled later as pharaoh in her ain right (every bit she is one of few candidates for the identity of Pharaoh Neferneferuaten)

• 

  Tutankhamun's mask - Rex Tutankhamun, son of Akhenaten, returned to the erstwhile capitol and restored the cult of Amun to its former influence; although he died immature and was not considered significant in his ain time, the 1922 discovery of his KV62 intact tomb by Howard Carter, made him relevant as a symbol of ancient Arab republic of egypt to the modern world

• 

• 

• 

  Egyptian Emperor Thutmose Three in his youth

See besides

• History of ancient Egypt
• The Mason Ostracon

References

1. ^ Alan One thousand. Bowman (22 October 2020). "Ancient Egypt". Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 January 2021.
2. ^ Steven Snape (16 March 2019). "Estimating Population in Ancient Arab republic of egypt". Retrieved 5 January 2021.
3. ^ Christopher Bronk Ramsey et al., Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt, Science xviii June 2010: Vol. 328, no. 5985, pp. 1554–1557.
4. ^ ^{a b} Shaw, Ian, ed. (2000). The Oxford History of Aboriginal Egypt . Oxford University Press. p. 481. ISBN978-0-19-815034-iii.
5. ^ Schneider, Thomas (27 August 2008). "Periodizing Egyptian History: Manetho, Convention, and Beyond". In Klaus-Peter Adam (ed.). Historiographie in der Antike. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 181–197. ISBN978-3-11-020672-2.
6. ^ Alberge, Dalya. "Tomb reveals Ancient Arab republic of egypt's humiliating hush-hush". The Times. London. Retrieved June xiv, 2017.
7. ^ Weinstein, James Yard. The Egyptian Empire in Palestine, A Reassessment, p. vii. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, n° 241. Winter 1981.
8. ^ Shaw and Nicholson (1995) p.289
9. ^ Steindorff p.36
10. ^ JJ Shirley: The Power of the Aristocracy: The Officials of Hatshepsut's Regency and Coregency, in: J. Galán, B.Yard. Bryan, P.F. Dorman (eds.): Creativity and Innovation in the Reign of Hatshepsut, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 69, Chicago 2014, ISBN 978-1-61491-024-4, p. 206.
11. ^ Redmount, Carol A. "Biting Lives: State of israel in and out of Egypt." p. 89–90. The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Michael D. Coogan, ed. Oxford Academy Press. 1998.
12. ^ Lichtheim, Miriam (2019). Aboriginal Egyptian Literature. Univ of California Press. p. 340. ISBN9780520305847 . Retrieved 22 October 2019.
13. ^ J.H. Breasted, Ancient Times: A History of the Early World; An Introduction to the Written report of Ancient History and the Career of Early Man. Outlines of European History 1. Boston: Ginn and Visitor, 1914, p.85
14. ^ Redford State of war 225
15. ^ Tyldesley, Joyce (2005-04-28). Nefertiti: Egypt's Lord's day Queen. Penguin UK. ISBN9780141949796.
16. ^ Gardiner, Alan (1953). "The Coronation of King Haremhab". Journal of Egyptian Archeology. 39: 13–31.
17. ^ Thomas, Susanna (2003). Rameses II: Pharaoh of the New Kingdom . The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN978-0-8239-3597-0. ramses ii.
18. ^ Amelia Ann Blandford Edwards. "Affiliate XV: Rameses the Peachy". Archived from the original on xiii May 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
19. ^ Wolfhart Westendorf, Das alte Ägypten, 1969
20. ^ Kitchen (1982), p. 119.
21. ^ Eric H. Cline and David O'Connor, eds. Ramesses III: The Life and Times of Egypt'due south Last Hero (University of Michigan Press; 2012)
22. ^ Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books, 1992. p.271
23. ^ William F. Edgerton, "The Strikes in Ramses III's Twenty-9th Year", JNES ten, no. 3 (July 1951), pp. 137–145.
24. ^ Frank J. Yurco, "End of the Tardily Bronze Historic period and Other Crisis Periods: A Volcanic Cause," in Gold of Praise: Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honor of Edward F. Wente, ed: Emily Teeter & John Larson, (SAOC 58) 1999, pp. 456-458.

Further reading

• Bierbrier, M. Fifty. The Tardily New Kingdom In Egypt, C. 1300-664 B.C.: A Genealogical and Chronological Investigation. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips, 1975.
• Freed, Rita A., Yvonne Markowitz, and Sue H. d'Auria, eds. Pharaohs of the Sun: Akhenaten, Nefertiti, Tutankhamun. London: Thames & Hudson, 1999.
• Freed, Rita E. Egypt's Golden Age: The Art of Living In the New Kingdom, 1558-1085 B.C. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1981.
• Kemp, Barry J. The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and Its People. London: Thames & Hudson, 2012.
• Morkot, Robert. A Short History of New Kingdom Egypt. London: Tauris, 2015.
• Radner, Karen. State Correspondence In the Aboriginal World: From New Kingdom Arab republic of egypt to the Roman Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
• Redford, Donald B. Arab republic of egypt and Canaan In the New Kingdom. Beʾer Sheva: Ben Gurion University of the Negev Press, 1990.
• Sadek, Ashraf I. Popular Organized religion In Egypt During the New Kingdom. Hildesheim: Gerstenberg, 1987.
• Spalinger, Anthony John. War In Ancient Arab republic of egypt: The New Kingdom. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2005.
• Thomas, Angela P. Akhenaten'south Egypt. Shire Egyptology 10. Princes Risborough, UK: Shire, 1988.
• Tyldesley, Joyce A. Arab republic of egypt'southward Golden Empire: The Age of the New Kingdom. London: Headline Book Pub., 2001.
• Wood, Jonathan. R. and Hsu Yi-Ting, An Archaeometallurgical Explanation for the Disappearance of Egyptian and Near Eastern Cobalt-Blue Drinking glass at the end of the Tardily Bronze Age, Internet Archaeology 52, 2019. Internet Archaeology

External links

• Eye Eastward on the Matrix: Arab republic of egypt, The New Kingdom—Photographs of many of the celebrated sites dating from the New Kingdom
• New Kingdom of Egypt - Aldokkan

This folio was last edited on v March 2022, at 12:05

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Source: https://wiki2.org/en/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt

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